Op Types Reference

Every operation in a DUUMBI program is a node in the semantic graph with a @type from the duumbi: namespace. This page documents all ops with their Cranelift IR mapping and JSON-LD usage.

Arithmetic

Op	Cranelift IR	Description
Const	iconst	Integer constant (i64)
ConstF64	f64const	Float constant (f64)
ConstBool	iconst (i8)	Boolean constant
Add	iadd / fadd	Addition
Sub	isub / fsub	Subtraction
Mul	imul / fmul	Multiplication
Div	sdiv / fdiv	Division

// Const: integer literal
{ "@type": "duumbi:Const", "value": 42 }

// ConstF64: floating-point literal
{ "@type": "duumbi:ConstF64", "value": 3.14 }

// Add: binary arithmetic (works on i64 and f64)
{
  "@type": "duumbi:Add",
  "duumbi:left": { "@id": "duumbi:main/main/entry/0" },
  "duumbi:right": { "@id": "duumbi:main/main/entry/1" }
}

Control flow

Op	Cranelift IR	Description
Compare	icmp / fcmp	Comparison (returns bool)
Branch	brif	Conditional branch
Call	call	Function call
Return	return	Return from function
Match	brif on discriminant	Pattern match (Result/Option)

// Compare: comparison operators (eq, ne, lt, le, gt, ge)
{
  "@type": "duumbi:Compare",
  "duumbi:op": "le",
  "duumbi:left": { "@id": "duumbi:main/fib/entry/0" },
  "duumbi:right": { "@type": "duumbi:Const", "value": 1 }
}

// Branch: if-else
{
  "@type": "duumbi:Branch",
  "duumbi:condition": { "@id": "duumbi:main/fib/entry/1" },
  "duumbi:then_block": "duumbi:main/fib/then",
  "duumbi:else_block": "duumbi:main/fib/else"
}

// Call: function call with arguments
{
  "@type": "duumbi:Call",
  "duumbi:function": "fibonacci",
  "duumbi:args": [{ "@id": "duumbi:main/fib/else/0" }]
}

// Match: pattern matching on Result/Option
{
  "@type": "duumbi:Match",
  "duumbi:value": { "@id": "duumbi:main/main/entry/3" },
  "duumbi:ok_block": "duumbi:main/main/ok_arm",
  "duumbi:err_block": "duumbi:main/main/err_arm"
}

Variables

Op	Cranelift IR	Description
Load	use_var	Load variable value
Store	def_var	Store to variable

// Store: assign a value to a variable
{
  "@type": "duumbi:Store",
  "duumbi:name": "counter",
  "duumbi:value": { "@type": "duumbi:Const", "value": 0 }
}

// Load: read a variable
{ "@type": "duumbi:Load", "duumbi:name": "counter" }

I/O

Op	Cranelift IR	Description
Print	call duumbi_print_*	Print i64, f64, or bool
PrintString	call duumbi_print_string	Print string

// Print: output an integer to stdout
{
  "@type": "duumbi:Print",
  "duumbi:value": { "@id": "duumbi:main/main/entry/2" }
}

String operations

Op	Runtime function	Description
ConstString	duumbi_string_new	Create string constant
StringConcat	duumbi_string_concat	Concatenate strings
StringEquals	duumbi_string_equals	String equality
StringCompare	duumbi_string_compare	Lexicographic comparison
StringLength	duumbi_string_len	String length
StringSlice	duumbi_string_slice	Substring extraction
StringContains	duumbi_string_contains	Substring search
StringFind	duumbi_string_find	Find index of substring
StringFromI64	duumbi_string_from_i64	Integer to string

// ConstString: create a string literal
{ "@type": "duumbi:ConstString", "value": "hello, world" }

// StringConcat: join two strings
{
  "@type": "duumbi:StringConcat",
  "duumbi:left": { "@id": "duumbi:main/main/entry/0" },
  "duumbi:right": { "@id": "duumbi:main/main/entry/1" }
}

// StringSlice: extract substring (start, end indices)
{
  "@type": "duumbi:StringSlice",
  "duumbi:value": { "@id": "duumbi:main/main/entry/0" },
  "duumbi:start": 0,
  "duumbi:end": 5
}

Array operations

Op	Runtime function	Description
ArrayNew	duumbi_array_new	Create empty array
ArrayPush	duumbi_array_push	Push element
ArrayGet	duumbi_array_get	Get element by index
ArraySet	duumbi_array_set	Set element by index
ArrayLength	duumbi_array_len	Array length

// ArrayNew: create typed empty array
{ "@type": "duumbi:ArrayNew", "duumbi:element_type": "i64" }

// ArrayPush: append element (mutates array)
{
  "@type": "duumbi:ArrayPush",
  "duumbi:array": { "@id": "duumbi:main/main/entry/0" },
  "duumbi:value": { "@type": "duumbi:Const", "value": 42 }
}

Struct operations

Op	Runtime function	Description
StructNew	duumbi_struct_new	Create struct
FieldGet	duumbi_struct_field_get	Get field value
FieldSet	duumbi_struct_field_set	Set field value

// StructNew: create a named struct
{
  "@type": "duumbi:StructNew",
  "duumbi:struct_name": "Point",
  "duumbi:fields": {
    "x": { "@type": "duumbi:Const", "value": 10 },
    "y": { "@type": "duumbi:Const", "value": 20 }
  }
}

// FieldGet: access a field
{
  "@type": "duumbi:FieldGet",
  "duumbi:value": { "@id": "duumbi:main/main/entry/0" },
  "duumbi:field": "x"
}

Ownership operations

Op	Runtime function	Description
Alloc	duumbi_alloc	Allocate value
Move	pointer copy	Transfer ownership
Borrow	pointer copy	Immutable borrow (&T)
BorrowMut	pointer copy	Mutable borrow (&mut T)
Drop	duumbi_*_free	Deallocate

See the Ownership Model guide for detailed rules and examples.

// Alloc: allocate a heap value
{
  "@type": "duumbi:Alloc",
  "duumbi:value": { "@type": "duumbi:ConstString", "value": "hello" }
}

// Borrow: create an immutable reference
{
  "@type": "duumbi:Borrow",
  "duumbi:source": { "@id": "duumbi:main/main/entry/0" }
}

// Drop: deallocate when done
{
  "@type": "duumbi:Drop",
  "duumbi:value": { "@id": "duumbi:main/main/entry/0" }
}

Error handling

Op	Runtime function	Description
ResultOk	duumbi_result_new_ok	Create Ok value
ResultErr	duumbi_result_new_err	Create Err value
ResultIsOk	duumbi_result_is_ok	Check if Ok
ResultUnwrap	duumbi_result_unwrap	Unwrap Ok value
ResultUnwrapErr	duumbi_result_unwrap_err	Unwrap Err value
OptionSome	duumbi_option_new_some	Create Some value
OptionNone	duumbi_option_new_none	Create None
OptionIsSome	duumbi_option_is_some	Check if Some
OptionUnwrap	duumbi_option_unwrap	Unwrap Some value

// ResultOk: wrap a value in Ok
{
  "@type": "duumbi:ResultOk",
  "duumbi:value": { "@type": "duumbi:Const", "value": 42 }
}

// Match: pattern match on Result — exhaustive handling required
{
  "@type": "duumbi:Match",
  "duumbi:value": { "@id": "duumbi:main/main/entry/0" },
  "duumbi:ok_block": "duumbi:main/main/ok_arm",
  "duumbi:err_block": "duumbi:main/main/err_arm"
}

See the Error Codes reference for all validation errors.